History II (Themes in Indian History and Themes in Kerala History). It has been diligently prepared on the basis of the revised NCERT Syllabus and Text. We had in our minds mainly the students of Higher Secondary, State Open School and CBSE courses while preparing this book. It is well-nigh impossible to study all aspects of Indian history within an academicyear. Hence choice is inevitable. Students already have a general knowledge of Indian history from their school classes. Here, we have made an honest attempt to explain in detail a few aspects of history. Due care has been given to include among important topics various economic, social, cultural, political and religious sectors. Some themes try to present candidly the politics of a particular period and the salient features of the authorities of the time. Other themes throw light on how society was formed, how it functions and how it undergoes changes. Yet other themes delineate a summarized picture of the religious activities of the time. Along with it, they highlight the religious rites and rituals of the time.Two chapters based on Kerala History have been included in the syllabus of Indian History Pre Modern Kerala and Kerala Towards Modernity. These two chapters point out the historical events that occurred during the three periods - Ancientperiod, Medieval period and Modern period in the history of Kerala.